A Closer Look at HIV Essay - 1145 Words

Most of us know about H.I.V, but not all of us fully understand all of the aspects of this disease. Not only are there physical aspects, but also physiological aspects. Human Immunodeficiency Virus, also known as H.I.V is a virus with a self-explanatory name, if we understand the meaning behind each word. Humans are the only ones affected with this particular virus. When a person becomes infected their immune system becomes impaired due to the fact that the virus destroys the T cells. These T cells help the body to fight disease. The only way for the virus to replicate is through taking control of the cells in the body of the host. Many people have developed misconceptions about how H.I.V is spread from person to person. Some may think†¦show more content†¦During the Clinical Latency Stage, those who are infected are living with the virus. The virus is alive and continues to develop in the body. During this time there is treatment that helps to keep the virus at bay, meaning that it is possible to live with this stage of H.I.V for years. This treatment is referred to as antiretroviral therapy or (ART). Although the person may not notice any symptoms, it is still quite possible for them to transmit the virus to another person. During the final stage, known as the Progression to AIDS, there are many symptoms that tend to be recurring. This stage usually occurs when the person infected does not take therapy. These symptoms range from rapid, unexpected weight loss, swollen lymph nodes that stay swollen longer than the normal time and even nocturnal hyperhidrosis or excessive night sweats. During this stage, sores develop and there may be development of neurological disorders such as loss of memory and even depression. However, it is important to remember that the only way to know for sure if someone is infected with H.I.V is to get tested. One aspect of H.I.V that we don’t spend much time focusing on is the opportunistic infections associated with H.I.V. These infections are called opportunistic due to the fact that these specific infections take advantage of the already weakened immune system. â€Å"Many of the severe symptoms and illnesses of H.I.V disease come from the opportunisticShow MoreRelatedA Closer Walk Analysis709 Words   |  3 PagesA Closer Walk is a film made by Robert Bilheimer, and it looks into the effects of AIDS on all those infected by the virus of HIV/AIDs all throughout the world. He focuses on those who are more likely to become infected by the virus woman, children, individuals in Africa and India and then he also talks about drug users in Ukraine and how more and more individuals are getting sick because they are sharing needles. The portion I found most intriguing was how these woman and children who are sick areRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1653 Words   |  7 Pagesfew diseases have been as antagonistic as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The global transmission of this disease has been perpetuated by the ease of long distance travel and immigration (Magis-Rodriguez, 2004; Xu et al., 2014). Throughout the past 35 years the course of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as patterns of immigration, have changed immensely. Given the increase in both HIV and immigration, specifically in North Carolina (NC), this dissertation willRead MoreScholary vs. Popular Media Focus on Sexuality Paper1556 Words   |  7 PagesYou Want†: A Formative Exportation of HIV Risk Among Urban Massachusetts Men Who Have Sex with Men(MSM) Who Attend Sex Parties was an article retrieved from the AIDS Patient Care and STD Journal it was published in October of 2010. The authors of this article are Matthew J. Mimiaga, Sari L. Reisner, Sean Bland, Kevin Cranston, Deborah Isenberg, Maura A. Driscoll, Rodney VanDerwarker, and Kenneth Mayer. The main focus of the research was to investigate the HIV sexual risk behaviors of MSM who reportedR ead MoreHiv : Gender And Race Disparities Among At Risk Young Adults1398 Words   |  6 PagesHIV: Gender and Race Disparities Among at Risk Young Adults Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) along with other sexually transmitted infections (STI) have emerged as a health epidemic over the recent decades and continue to threaten the lives of people today. In order to better understand the virus and other STIs, in terms of the populations they affect, it is important to observe the diverse risk factors among different genders and ethnicities that are HIV positive. One vital consideration forRead MoreHealth Determinants Affecting A Population s Health Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesboundaries of traditional health care and public health sectors; sectors such as education, housing, transportation, agriculture, and environment can be important allies in improving population health. For discussion purposes, I chose to look at health determinants of the HIV population. Population health is any factor that improves the well-being or reduces the inequities in the lives of people that live in a particular community. The five population determin ants are access to health, individual behaviorRead MoreModern Immunizations: Flaws and Imperfections Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pageswhich they work and how to perfect vaccinations so that they are one hundred percent effective. In the 2011 May edition of the Scientific American Journal, Alan Aderem discussed the results of the devastating failure of the attempt to eradicate the HIV virus. Not all diseases can be prevented and it is not yet known why. He goes on to explore what the necessary information researchers would have to discover to perfect vaccinations such as learning what immunological responses work together to protectRead MoreCure For HIV1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe cure for HIV has been a long awaited battle due to the virus lying dormant in T cells for years. Although scientists have found a protein called CD32a that lives on the surface of T cells. Due to this discovery, scientists can now use this protein to help distinguish the cells infected with HIV. This is beneficial because even though there are antiretroviral drugs that can prevent cells that are actively duplicating viral DNA from replicating, they do not attack the dormant T cells. In the pastRead MoreNative American Wom Health Disparity1337 Words   |  6 Pageshave lower health and life expectancy when compared to the rest of America (2015). These staggering statistics point out some prevalent inequalities in modern social institutions that exist with Native Americans. At a more elaborate and specific look into the health of urban Native Americans, limited studies indicate that health disparities do exist with higher rates of deaths from liver disease, diabetes, alcohol problems and tuberculosis than the population from the same area ( Sarche SpicerRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay And Bisexual Women1280 Words   |  6 Pageswomen â€Å"politically untrustworthy† (â€Å"Neutralizing the Political Threat† 9). As the HIV/AIDS epidemic reached North America, historian Udis-Kessler noted that â€Å"tensions between lesbian and bisexual women became much more problematic than tensions between gay and bisexual men† (46). The political differences between lesbian and bisexual women ultimately resulted in the accusation of bisexual women transmitting the HIV/AIDS virus into the lesbian community. The rejection of bisexuals from the lesbianRead MoreThe Movie Dallas Buyers Club Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe film Dallas Buyers Club is a biographical drama whose plot is based around the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s. Early in the history of the illness, cases of a rare lung infection were found in five previously healthy young men. In addition to that, the young men all suffered from various other infections which indicated that their immune systems were not functioning properly. The new illness was so aggressive that before a report by the CDC could be published, two of the five men had succumbed

The Foster Care System Within The United States - 1860 Words

Today, in America, a child enters foster care every two minutes (â€Å"Statistics on Foster Care†). Thousands of children enter and exit the foster care system each year with some being adopted, some returning to their homes, and others being emancipated and set to be on their own (Statistics on Foster Care†). The foster care system was first put in place to take children out of overcrowded and underfunded orphanages. It was later transformed to help children from abusive, deceased or negligent families be put into a safer, non-permanent home (â€Å"Statistics on Foster Care†). With the thousands of kids put into foster care each year, many are sent to loving homes, however, some children are sent to neglectful and abusive homes that can be equal to or worse than their original living conditions. The current foster care system in place in the United States provides insufficient and unsafe care as well as causing short and long-term negative effects on the children placed in their care. The fate of where a child is placed is put in the hands of state social workers and judges. The guidelines for who can be a foster or adoptive parent can often become blurred when dealing with opinionated social workers that validate ability to be a parent with their own beliefs. Homosexual foster parents are often denied the right to adopt a child based on their sexuality. According to a survey done in 1999-2000 only 60% of adoption agencies would accept same sex couples applications (Paul). In 2007,Show MoreRelatedThe Foundation And Growth Of The Foster Care System1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe foster care system exists in order to enhance the lives of children whose parents were deceased rather than because of abuse today. Our outlook, principles, and ways of being concern for and protecting abused or neglected children and looking after families has shifted greatly throughout history. In this paper I will discuss and inform the readers on the three main components. The first part will discuss the foundation and growth of the foster care system as time pass. Secondly, describe theRead MoreBeing Legalized And The Constant Debate Over Abortion1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves, â€Å"What will benefit our future the most?† For example, foster care in America has reversed its principles by merely going through the motions of what the laws state, rather than actually putting effort into the care and safety of children. I believe that the state should put more emphasis on sending kids to permanent homes of foster parents instead of reuniting them with their insufficient legal guardians. In the United States, the saying â€Å"we’re expecting†, has no formal meaning to it anymoreRead MoreChild Protective Services And The Foster Care System864 Words   |  4 Pagessafety of a child, foster placement occurs. Over a half million children within the United States reside in foster care. Out of these children, approximately 20,000 of them continue through their lives within the foster care system until the age of 18. This is referred to â€Å"aging out†. Once a child within the foster care system turns 18, they are no longer cared for by state or government agencies and must provide for themselves. For those who do age out of the foster care system, it is often thatRead MoreSocialworktoday.Com Conducted A Study On Ways To Repair978 Words   |  4 PagesSocialworktoday.com conducted a study on ways to repair the foster care by consulting foster care experts. The system came up with five strategies that are explained in article titled â€Å"Fixing Fost er Care — 5 Strategies for Change† written by Nadine M. Hasencez. The five strategies are to strengthen families of origin, support case workers, educate the public, help children deal with unresolved grief and loss, and guide children in building connections (Hasencez). Carol Wilson Spigner, a professorRead MoreThis Research Paper Look To Take A Deep Look Into The Child1690 Words   |  7 Pagesof children within the foster care system, as well as a fundamental understanding of each component within the bill. There has been over 30,000 child increase in the foster care system within the last few years that leaves us to ask a question asked by the senator of Texas. Should this bill simply be renewed, or should funding be increased to reflect these changes to insure that all children within the system see this funding and receive the help during and after the time in foster care. Keywords:Read MoreIs Foster Care Really Better? Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In the United States, foster care operates on the local level, rather than on the national level† (Harris, 2004).The state’s division of social services and part of the state department of health and human services run the whole foster care service (Harris, 2004). The foster care system is great when they remove children from harm but they need to do better background checks which would cut down on multiple moves, figure out a better system of getting children out of the system and into homes, andRead MoreThe Effects Of Childcare And Non Parental Guardians1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe National adoption Agency defines foster care as â€Å"a temporary arrangement in which adults provide for the care of a child or children whose birthparent is unable to care for them. Foster care is not where juvenile delinquents go. It is where children go when their parents cannot, for a variety of re asons, care for them. Foster care can be informal or arranged through the courts or a social service agency. The goal for a child in the foster care system is usually reunification with the birth familyRead MoreTaking a Look at the Institution of Adoptions1716 Words   |  7 PagesJapan, bringing them to the United States (Deoudes et al. 18). Those â€Å"missions to rescue† orphaned children carried on through the 1950s, taking in Korean orphans, and through the 1970s, bringing in children from Vietnam. Intercountry adoption has exploded in the past thirty years. In the adoption market, the demand for domestic adoption has declined, creating a surplus of U.S. orphans (Mather). International adoption harms the youth living in America’s foster system. In order for these youthRead MoreThe History, Strengths, and Limitations of the Renaissance Scholars Program 1172 Words   |  5 PagesCalifornia State University of Fresno. This program can be found under the studen t supportive services umbrella of Educational opportunities Programs (EOP) (Fresno State News 2008). RSP seeks to alter and improve the standards of care for transitional aged youth leaving the foster care system and transitioning into secondary education (Fresno State News 2008). Furthermore, RSP is centered on creating a linked network of services for support through varied departments at Fresno State University (FresnoRead MoreLGBT Adoption Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescents who are in the Child Welfare System waiting to be put into foster care or be adopted† (Kreisher). The number of children living with 1 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender (LGBT) parent today ranges from six to fourteen million children or adolescents. Adoption is to take into one’s family legally and raise as one’s own child. Although adoption is first spoken of in the Bible, the first recorded adoption takes place in 1693 in the colonial United States when the governor of Massachusetts

Oversees Exploring Segments Driving Society-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Oversees Exploring Segments Driving Society? Answer: Introduction This research oversees exploring the segments driving society of the affiliation and instruments. In this particular assignment, emphasis has been given on understanding the strategy that directions towards working extraordinary presentation for Australian recorded association named as Goodman group stapled (David Joneslimited.com.au. 2016). Goodman group stapled is one of the exchanged on an open market recorded associations that have wide operations in retail part in Australia and New Zealand. Gateway lifestyle group stapled is a retail organization arranged in Australia that includes operations inside retail, composts, chemicals, modern, coal mining alongside wellbeing items. This retail association includes the second position with respect to pay. This particular association works in the retail business in and across finished Australia and New Zealand in variety of divisions, for instance, Supermarkets, Home Improvement, Hotels and furthermore Liquor and General Merchandise. The present examination ponders the organization structures including appraisal of adherence towards precepts and standards by separating General Purpose of Financial Reports for customers of cash related verbalizations of Gateway lifestyle group stapled. Toward the day's end, the present examination oversees issues identifying with pay structure and moreover inside and outside controls (Zhou, Ou and Li 2016). Thus, the present section plates seeing the sensibility models and moreover adherence to co nnected structure of cash related uncovering. This particular area of undertaking considers the all around helpful of budgetary uncovering for the association named as Gateway lifestyle group stapled and Goodman group stapled (David Joneslimited.com.au. 2016). This infers the association faces distinctive issues especially in the pay report as expelled from the yearly report of Gateway lifestyle group stapled. This particular retail association bases altogether on financial specialists returns after fruitful course of action of capital and moreover passing on cluster centers generally speaking. From financial viewpoint, Goodman group stapled and key requirements for 2016 is fulfilling medium-term configuration centers and passing on Group coordination and joint effort targets. This association makes systems for strengthening the accounting report and likewise supervising Group capital (Weil, Schipper. moreover, Francis 2013). Analysis of Remuneration Report of David Jones and Gateway lifestyle group Limited Board Committee Members of Gateway lifestyle group develops the remuneration board named as People Policy Committee (Salas and Campos 2016). This admonitory gathering is made for keeping it at a standard level and combination of Group Remuneration for checking the believability and relationship of execution. It can be seen that People Policy Committee aggregates with the given requirements said by ASX recommendations. To the degree Auditor Report on pay is concerned, it deals with the truth whereby Board of Directors goes for prepare and what's more displaying the pay report according to Section 30A of the Corporation Act for the year 2001. Survey report is set up according to AAS (Australian Auditing Standards) (Uno and Bartelmus 2013). The pay report of Goodman group has been dispersed for the year 2016 that copies baffling execution for Goodman group and related results on Executive and Employee Remuneration (Miller and Power 2013). Toward the day's end, Performance of the association depends on the basic estimations supporting entire structure of pay. This particular pay report demonstrates 0.1% advancement before Net Profit and Tax in association with prior year. Out of the blue, remuneration report demonstrate 0.7% diminishing presentation in the wage per share in relationship with prior year. In this way, Management of Goodman group runs for interfacing it with the pay structures of firm. This association has no course of action especially if there ought to be an event of without a moment's hesitation driving forces (Lukka and Vinnari 2014). There are distinctive respects of Gateway lifestyle group present in association with recorded budgetary presentation and furthermore chronicled upkeep rights. To the degree remuneration framework is concerned, it reveals the structure and furthermore organization of pay for the retail based association named as Gateway lifestyle group (Lukka and Pihlanto 2014). This association drives forward for supporting the satisfaction of general business comes to fruition changing into movement potential motivation to its speculators. Figuratively speaking, assessment of pay structure generally thinks about offering strong foundation for working under flexibility of operations. This help is required in copying the substitute procedure for attracting the support of endowments from staff people (Lev and Gu 2016). Thusly, Board and Senior Executive Group by and large packs whole deal alliance agreeing with potential speculators by taking idea diverse essentials of the potential financial speciali sts On essential research, Remuneration Report of Goodman group depicts the association tumbled in meeting the transient impulse outline (Kravet 2014). This has happened consequent to overview at the execution door of 4% improvement of net advantage after obligation in relationship with prior year. Issues with Remuneration Rate IFRS 8 connected inside Goodman group considers working segments for recognizing attributes in light of inside uncovering as for parts of the Group (Kim, Liu and Zheng 2012). This should be often investigated by Chief Operating pioneers for dispersing advantages for the pieces for looking over the strange condition of execution. This ought to be perceived by Group Executives of Gateway lifestyle group Limited for choosing the working areas in light of inside declaring sections. Goodman group and also General Merchandise serves ranges, for instance, clothing, lifestyle things and furthermore home item and greatness things (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Short-Term Decision-Making IFRS 8 connected inside considers working bits for recognizing attributes in light of inside uncovering concerning parts of the Group (Kim, Liu and Zheng 2012). This should be every now and again investigated by Chief Operating pioneers for conveying advantages for the sections for looking over the irregular condition of execution. This ought to be perceived by Group Executives of Gateway lifestyle group Limited for choosing the working areas in light of inside declaring sections. Goodman group and what's more General Merchandise serves ranges, for instance, clothing, lifestyle things and moreover home item and superbness things (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Conceptual Framework The Framework reveals the focuses and goals of money related enumerating that is subjective in nature for rendering profitable information (Horngren et al. 2013). Toward the day's end, Conceptual Structure oversees describing, seeing and also measuring diverse segments of fiscal affirmations as noted under capital and upkeep of capital. The basic purpose of generally helpful cash related uncovering is advancing fiscal information to the potential operators, banks and credit masters remembering the ultimate objective to arrive at particular decisions. Concerned decisions fuse purchase; offer and furthermore holding of significant worth and commitment instruments in sort of progress and other credit shapes. Subsequently, these associations reports bombs in keeping an eye on all the noteworthy information stressed over potential theorists and furthermore loan specialists and banks (Henderson et al. 2015). AASB Issues like Lease Accounting As under AASB, Lease accounting is arranged and accounted in the budgetary explanation of Goodman group. This interpretation makes an arrangement were lease infers fulfillment of dependence for decided assets (Freeman et al. 2014). This arrangement will be expert for passing on right usage of points of interest. So to speak, this judgment will be drilled by reviewing existing supplier strategies as contained in lease accounting. There have distinctive issues perceived where the standard fail to use specific assets for fulfilling the supply duties and furthermore Group necessity. This standard approves stringent quality standard especially on sourced stock and furthermore has no impact over usage of focal points. Thusly, purchases are assessed by each individual demand and furthermore have no impact over physical get to if there ought to emerge an event of supplier assets (Englund and Gerdin 2014). General Purpose Financial Reports for Users in Financial Decisions with AASB Framework Leases From the yearly report of Goodman group, it contemplates treatment of leases named back leases whereby contracts indicate in rent commitments (Collier 2015). It helps in exchanging dangers and rewards in relationship with possessions to resident. Intangible Assets The deterioration techniques utilized by the Management of Goodman group on current premise are straight-line strategies amid monetary circumstances. Goodman group distributed reports demonstrates valuable existence of PPE (Property, Plant and Equipment) intangibles is 2.5 years to 10 years (Christensen and Nikolaev 2013). Contingent Legal Liabilities Goodman group yearly report indicates lawful question and additionally examinations emerging in the typical course of business (Cahan et al. 2016). These issues can't be promptly guage as the Directors neglects to expect any sort of material budgetary impact. Goodman group gives keeping money offices to $ 14820 million for the year 2015 and in addition rent commitments of specific auxiliaries (David Joneslimited.com.au. 2016). These unforeseen liabilities will be in occasion of auxiliaries for regarding the commitments. Unexpected Liabilities are the sum that is perceived less combined amortization as per IAS 18 (Braun, Tietz and Harrison 2013). This is assigned at reasonable incentive by method for benefit or misfortune at initiation and in addition measured for future examination reason. Taxation The entire year assess change was added up to $ 1680 Million (Bonin 2013). Goodman group powerful duty rate at 27.8% lower than the earlier year in light of non-deductibility of securing costs for the year 2015. Conceded impose resources and additionally liabilities happens when an organization is legitimately enforceable ideal for setting current expense resources in against with current duty liabilities. Transfer Pricing Goodman group has associated with exchange evaluating and gathered with SARS prerequisites and all exchanges in the wake of proceeding with completed a safe distance (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Prudence Conceptual Framework Money related Statement readiness considers instabilities and realities seeing occasions and conditions, for example, collectivity of suspicious receivables and additionally helpful existence of settled attests like Plant and Equipment (David Joneslimited.com.au. 2016). These are a portion of the instabilities that are perceived by methods for getting corporate divulgences in the wake of practicing judiciousness instance of theoretical structure. Along these lines, Prudence implies the idea that is comprehensive of level of alert in route for practicing over judgment on the vulnerability levels. Updating Process Conceptual Framework Cash related Statement arranging considers vulnerabilities and furthermore facts seeing events and conditions, for instance, all in all of suspicious receivables and moreover significant presence of settled authenticate like Plant and Equipment (David Joneslimited.com.au. 2016). These are a segment of the dangers that are seen by techniques for getting corporate exposures consequent to rehearsing sensibility example of connected framework. In this way, Prudence suggests the possibility that is exhaustive of level of caution in way to practice over judgment on the flimsiness levels. Advantages and Disadvantages of Financial Reporting One of the advantages of cash related reporting escapes to prudence thought showed in the hypothetical framework those helpers in bringing consistency of information and furthermore absence of inclination of exercises. Development to that, after prohibitive attributes and moreover deliberative misquoted figures; it is presented in the hypothetical structure (David Joneslimited.com.au. 2016). Conclusion Toward the finish of the investigation, it is inferred that speculators examinations different things as exhibited in the money related reports of Goodman group. At the end of the day, Goodman group Disclosure strategies agree as per Corporation Act for the year 2001 according to ASX Listing rules. It is critical to see the nonstop exposure approach for advancing the level of certainty of potential financial specialists with respect to trustworthiness and securities. The above examination shows that stock of Goodman group expands as a result of increment number of set up stores. Henceforth, potential speculators can without much of a stretch break down the effectiveness of the organization for changing over the stock into deals amid money related basic leadership process. Speculators need to stay mindful of ventures of organization particularly if there should be an occurrence of PPE intangibles causing trade surge that assist producing benefits in the up and coming monetary years. C onsequently, the exercises specified will help in boosting the notions of potential speculators in positive way. Gateway lifestyle group Limited trusts in conveying an incentive to potential investors and in addition center upon combination techniques considering as significant need. This implies the organized procedure that guarantees conveyance of transformational thoughts according to the venture focuses with customary updates on advance. It worries with rendering vigorous advantages following for future examination reason. This retail organization takes challenges in a few regions for keeping abnormal state of responsibility saw among the staff individuals. Asset report demonstrates 2015 acquisitions by keeping mind the changed capital structure of business. It contemplates more dynamic administration from the point of view of administration and also liquidity and hazard properties. This organization should be thinking about capital designation standards and also take inner pledge measures. Reference List Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M.J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., Feichtinger, G., Firchau, V., Fricke, F., Funke, H. and Gaynor, M., 2012. Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Braun, K.W., Tietz, W.M. and Harrison, W.T., 2013. Managerial accounting. Pearson. Cahan, S., Black, D.E., Bradbury, M.E., Malone, L., Tarca, A., Wee, M., Cheng, C.A., Hellman, N., Andersson, P., Frberg, E. and Du, F., 2016. Special Issue Articles Consequences of IFRS for capital markets, managers, auditors and standard-setters: an introduction. ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE, 56(1). Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?. Review of Accounting Studies, 18(3), pp.734-775. Collier, P.M., 2015. Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp.32-48. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Drury, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer. Emett, S.A. and Nelson, M.W., 2015. Discussion of The effect of alternative accounting measurement bases on investors assessments of managers stewardship. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 46, pp.115-118. Englund, H. and Gerdin, J., 2014. Structuration theory in accounting research: Applications and applicability. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(2), pp.162-180. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice. JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, p.441. Gray, R., Adams, C. and Owen, D., 2014. Accountability, social responsibility and sustainability: accounting for society and the environment. Pearson Higher Ed. Hartley, W.C., 2014. An introduction to business accounting for managers. Elsevier. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015. Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kim, J.B., Liu, X. and Zheng, L., 2012. The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on audit fees: Theory and evidence. The Accounting Review, 87(6), pp.2061-2094. Kravet, T.D., 2014. Accounting conservatism and Managerial risk-taking: corporate acquisitions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 57(2), pp.218-240. Lev, B. and Gu, F., 2016. The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers. John Wiley Sons. Lukka, K. and Pihlanto, P., 2014. The developer of Finnish accounting theory. Twentieth Century Accounting Thinkers (RLE Accounting), p.60. Lukka, K. and Vinnari, E., 2014. Domain theory and method theory in management accounting research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(8), pp.1308-1338. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp.557-605. Salas, O.A. and Campos, M.J.S., 2016. Finance and Accounting for Managers (Vol. 28). Profit Editorial. Uno, K. and Bartelmus, P, 2013. Environmental accounting in theory and practice (Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013. Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016.Quality Brands and Trusted Retailing - Woolworths Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Zhou, Z., Ou, J. and Li, S., 2016. Ecological Accounting: A Research Review and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(05), p

Television and Media TV Violence and the V Essay Example For Students

Television and Media TV Violence and the V Essay -Chip Media Argumentative Persuasive EssaysTV Violence and the V-Chip America has the highest crime rate in the world. Along with that crimerate is also the substantially high violence rate. Why is violencebecoming and everyday event in our society? When you flip on thetele and tune into the news, the highlight of every show is somehow directlyrelated or connected to violence. We see it every evening and perhaps say Ohmy gosh, how terrible. and then forget all about it two minutes later. Orperhaps we dont even make any comments at all, just a simple grunt or..huh... This numbness to violence is very scary and very real. Why is itthen that America has the most crime and violence. Why not Switzerland orAustralia. Are we not as civilized and advanced as they? I believe it is thisnumbness to violence that has made America so violent. We will write a custom essay on Television and Media TV Violence and the V specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When I think back to my childhood and remember television I rememberwatching such programs as Sesame Street, Mr. Rogers, and Scooby Doo. Ihave nothing but pleasant memories filled with happiness, peace, understanding,and learning. When you watch childrens programs today you see senselessviolence often as the first means of solving a problem. The classic view ofgood versus evil is the basis of these shows with violence as the answer. When children watch these programs they copy the actions and morals of theseshows depicting good and evil. Children do not know what good is or whatevil is, how can they? This world is not broken into good and evil. Evil to children is what opposes them, what does not agree with them, or anyother person or thing that poses a possible difficulty. Children must be taughtthat there are differences in this world. This world is filled with many peopleholding different beliefs, ideas, and morals. That is what makes this worldso unique and colorful. Children need to learn to respect these differences froma very young age. They need to learn to talk out and solve any disagreements orproblems through other means than violence. They must not know violence as ananswer, as if violence was never even an option to consider in solving aproblem. I recently became aware of the problem of violence in children when Istarted observing small children at play at my apartment complex. I had knownone small child in particular when he was just learning to speak. I had watchedhim and talked with him for several years and noticed nothing violent noraggressive about him. Back then he played more outdoors rarely ever goinginside (except when his mother called for dinner), but as he got older and moreinterested in television I noticed that he was becoming much more aggressiveespecially as he played outside with his friends and sisters. He would punchand copy the moves of the cartoon shows he watched even to the point of copyingtheir war cries and sayings. The media claims that they have no influence onchildren, that could not be further from the truth. Children are the easiestto manipulate and take advantage of because they are innocent and because theyare innocent they are also ignorant. Some people say that the boy was merelymaturing, becoming more like a man. But how many five year old boys do youknow that have testosterone flowing through their body? The main problem wasthe television shows that he was watching. That is very obvious. The problem with the above mentioned case was not just television itselfbut the combination of television and child. Children are very susceptible andeasily persuaded as we all know. In the early 1960s, Albert Bandura ofStanford was the first to present the theory that children not only learned fromtheir parents through imitation but also through imitating television. So whenchildren imitate what they see on television, especially when it is somethingthat is rewarded, and knowing how violent television is these days, televisioncan and does influence children in violent and aggressive means. When childrenare raised with violent television they become desensitized to real peoplessuffering (Leland 47). When children watch a man get blown up across thescreen and see the hero prevail from the conflict it encourages the thought thatwhen you want something, its alright to obtain it through violence because youwill be rewarded in the end. This along with the fact that a murder ontelevision shows is so common that children begin to project what they see ontelevision onto the world they live in and resulting in confusing fantasy withreality. Most psychologists believe that media alone is not the sole problem ofviolence in children, but one in particular, Dr. Leonard Eron disagrees. Hehas done a 22 year study of children as they mature from the age of eight toadulthood to prove his theory that television has a greater affect on childrenthan most think. His results are shocking. The studies conclude that the singlebest predictor of adulthood violence and aggression is not due to violent homes,poverty, poor school performance, single parent homes, nor to real lifeviolence, rather to heavy amounts of television/media violence. But ofcourse not every youngster is affected. (Qtd. Leland 47). The reason for thisis because children with fewer natural aggressive tendencies are less affectedby television violence, in other words, if a child is naturally aggressive,violent television tends to bring these traits out. Eron also discovered thatthe content of the television doesnt need to be violent to have a violentaffect on children . In fact television shows with high amounts of action andtension had the same results as those with violence, adding to the largespectrum of television programs that can have effects on children. Researchershave also found that the affects of violence in television on adults is muchlower to that of children because adults know the difference between what isreal and what is tv land. Eron also states that though television does notaffect adults as much, they are nevertheless affected, though in other ways. .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f , .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .postImageUrl , .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f , .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f:hover , .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f:visited , .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f:active { border:0!important; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f:active , .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b0a7156b91bf025f583d9edf9a69c5f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multicultural Education in America EssayAnother view presented by Walter Wink, a professor of biblical interpretationat Auburn Theological Seminary in New York City, states that: Children identify with the good guys so that they can think of themselves as good. This enables them to project out onto the bad guy their own repressed anger, violence, rebelliousness, or lust Salvation is guaranteed through identification with the hero. (Qtd. Levine 24)Another interesting tid-bit about television violence: by age 18, a child willhave seen at least 150,000 acts of violence on the television. By age six, mostchildren will have watched 5,000 hours of television and by the end of hi ghschool, over 19,000 hours. That is a lot of television. What would happen without television? One epidemiologist named Brandon S. Centerwall claims that without television the United States would have nearly10,000 fewer murders per year, almost 70,000 fewer rapes, and 700,000 fewerassaults. Although many disagree Centerwalls statements and predictions,there is not doubt that without television there would be fewer aggressiveactions in the United States. Proving the no television, fewer crimes theorywill be very difficult but the evidence will eventually surface in the years tocome. Perhaps then the television companies and corporations will begin to see,but perhaps it will be too late and television will be planted to deep into theroots of American society. Children need to be more creative and television certainly does not givechildren the opportunity to be creative, Henry Alptrum puts it best with Theabsence of television spawns creativity. (Alptrum). Television gives theviewer both sight and sound at once leaving only three senses to imagine. Radioleaves four senses. Books leave all five senses to imagine. In fact a study inCanada conducted by Tannis MacBeth 20 years ago on the effects of television ona small town produced results that were not surprising at all. She discoveredthat with the introduction of television to this small town creativity droppedand within two years the number of incidents of pushing, shoving, hitting,biting, and all other forms of aggressive actions by children increased as muchas 160 percent. This cannot simply be coincidence. In another related studydirected by Centerwall murder rates and in the United States, South Africa,and Canada doubled ten to 15 years after the introduction of television. Thereare h undreds of documented tests and experiments relating to the fact thatviolence on television has a very negative effect on children. Is the media to take all the blame? Of course not. After all, this isAmerica and I believe nothing more strongly than freedom of speech andexpression. The solution to this problem is censorship. Censorship not at thegovernmental level, nor at the state level, nor at the cable company level,rather at the level of the parents. They and they alone are the ones who needto decide what is best for their children for only they know what is best. WhenI was a child my mother was always there to tell me what I could and could notwatch. Of course when I was smaller I hated it, but now that I am older I amso grateful and thankful that my mother censored what was fed into my brain. But another problem arises! In todays society, two working parents is the norm. For many children there is no one at home to tend them, to tell them what todo and enforce it. Children are left to their own. A baby sitter as an adultreplacement is fine for watching over the safety of the children, otherwisethey could care less what the children watched because they undoubtedly watchedor still watch the same program or consider it harmless because it is an afterschool kids cartoon. What has the media done to counteract this? Very little to nothing. They deny that the problem actually exists. But the problem does exist and isvery real, and they can help stop it. They can help change it. What then ispreventing it? What is preventing the media from trying to help? Money ofcourse. What could be more important than money? These childrens shows arebig money makers and that says it all. The media has done very little in theactual solving of the problem, in fact about the only thing they have done isto add a special 30 second warning before a show or television movie that maycontain scenes that require parental supervision. Although this is a step inthe right direction, more action is needed. .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 , .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .postImageUrl , .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 , .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1:hover , .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1:visited , .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1:active { border:0!important; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1:active , .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1 .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ce6c2950e82cc9e8c75a5c136889fb1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides Essay So where does the solution lay? There are several options some areobvious and some are just mere ideas. One way to control the television is tonot turn it on. Another idea is to not purchase a television, but that isridiculous because television can be informative and educational. Just when itseems that all hope is lost technology finds an answer: The V-Chip. The V-Chip was invented by a Canadian several years ago with the purposeof censoring what can be seen on television by youngsters. This chip could beinserted into all new television sets and would enable the owner to define whattype of television shows could be viewed at home. This gives the parents totalcontrol over what is viewed on the set when no one is home to keep an eye on thenest. The chip is complete with a password to stop the little computer geniusfrom overriding any settings. Ratings include such topics as, violence (inseveral levels), sex, language, mature content, etc.. It offers quite anexpansive array of options and certainly has its benefits. But with every newidea there is opposition. There are some that claim that it will never help inthe battle against violence, but these are the same people who believe thatmore real type violence should be shown on television because of the supposedfact that it would have a cathartic affect on the populace. Others are wearyabout who decides what television show is violent or what movie is too risqu. They fear the government will take control over what the people will see and forthat reason the V-Chip is unconstitutional. But the V-Chip should be offerednevertheless to those who want to take advantage of what it has to offer notunlike television sets that are mandated to have equipment for the hearingimpaired. Dr. Eron, a well known and well accredited psychologist, adds anotherpossible problem to the V-Chip. He believes that the V-Chip is too easy. TheV-Chip actually takes away the responsibilities of being a parent. Thetemptation for parents to merely block something out with a chip and hiding thetruth is much too great with the V-Chip. When parents simply use the chip toblock out the unwanted information childrens curiosity is heightened. Theparents responsibility should include talking and discussing the problems oftelevision violence. They should discuss the feelings of victims of realviolence and draw a distinct line between what is seen on television and what isreality. Family rules and regulations should be made on how much, when, andwhat television programs can be viewed. The V-Chip helps in setting theseguidelines but is in no way designed as a stand-alone apparatus. One thing is for certain and that is tv does have an affect of childrentoday. It has been proven over and over again in the many hours of research andyears of testing that in the long run tv affects people. None are more affectedthan children. This problem of the affects of television is just recentlybecoming a known and well established health issue. A handful of scientists andpsychologists had predicted that this nation would turn into a nation ofmorons. (Qtd. Davies 36). America went from a nation with the highest standardsof education and excellence in education to a nation with some of the lowestscores in education in the third world. This prediction of a a nation ofmorons. (Qtd. Davies 36) is sadly becoming true. When headlines like Six-year-old charged with battering baby are written across the front page of thedaily newspaper that is when we should realize that there is something wronggoing on in this nation. Children learn from watching television. Whether itis something mo rally sound or something criminally sound children take ineverything they see and learn it. Parents must be the first line of attackagainst television taking over the children because they can no longer ignorethe problem and hope that the television stations will somehow come up with asolution. The stations have done very little to help. The V-Chip offers somehelp but must be reinforced with parental discussions. There is always one otheralternative to censoring what is fed into the minds of our children. Peter Goddard states it well with You can turn the damn thing off, you know. (25)

After the French and Indian War

Question: After the French and Indian War, the separation of colonies from England was inevitable. To what extent do you agree? The struggle between France and England for North American sea power and colonial rule ended by the French and Indian War. The war began in 1754 in the upper Ohio Valley. Two years later, the conflict spread to Europe where it was known as the Seven Years War. One of the greatest battles of the war that practically ended Frances power in America was the English capture of Quebec in 1759. The treaty of Paris, signed in 1763, formally ended the war in America, making Great Britain master of Canada and the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. These terms ended French power in the New World and made Great Britain supreme. Although the tensions between both England and its colonies were released, there was still no acknowledgment of any severance of the colonies from England. Proceeding the war, Britain passed new Acts, which colonists regarded as, for the most part, unbearable. These new Acts and the determination for colonial independence an! d uniformity made the separation of the colonies from England inevitable. Because colonists proved resistant to British control, British policies were forced to be relaxed. Even so, the colonial assemblies reluctantly continued to respond to British needs. The British Empire was in great need of organizing. With the territorial annexations of 1763, the British Empire nearly doubled in size, making it difficult to rule. Because of this, and other factors such as Englands war reparations, it was necessary that Britain seek greater control over its colonies. English government made efforts to find a way to deal with its war debt, and their effort to do this was made through raising the already high taxes. According to Document C, this resolution caused great uneasiness and constern

Compare Mill And Kants Ethical Theories; Which Makes A Better Societal

Compare Mill And Kants Ethical Theories; Which Makes A Better Societal Compare Mill and Kant's ethical theories; which makes a better societal order? John Stuart Mill (1808-73) believed in an ethical theory known as utilitarianism. There are many formulation of this theory. One such is, "Everyone should act in such a way to bring the largest possibly balance of good over evil for everyone involved." However, good is a relative term. What is good? Utilitarians disagreed on this subject. Mill made a distinction between happiness and sheer sensual pleasure. He defines happiness in terms of higher order pleasure (i.e. social enjoyments, intellectual). In his Utilitarianism (1861), Mill described this principle as follows: According to the Greatest Happiness Principle ? The ultimate end, end, with reference to and for the sake of which all other things are desirable (whether we are considering our own good or that of other people), is an existence exempt as far as possible from pain, and as rich as possible enjoyments. Therefore, based on this statement, three ideas may be identified: (1) The goodness of an act may be determined by the consequences of that act. (2) Consequences are determined by the amount of happiness or unhappiness caused. (3) A "good" man is one who considers the other man's pleasure (or pain) as equally as his own. Each person's happiness is equally important. Mill believed that a free act is not an undetermined act. It is determined by the unconstrained choice of the person performing the act. Either external or internal forces compel an unfree act. Mill also determined that every situation depends on how you address the situation and that you are only responsible for your feelings and actions. You decide how you feel about what you think you saw. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) had an interesting ethical system. It is based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for expediency or solely in obedience to law or custom can be regarded as moral. A moral act is an act done for the "right" reasons. Kant would argue that to make a promise for the wrong reason is not moral - you might as well not make the promise. You must have a duty code inside of you or it will not come through in your actions otherwise. Our reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is. Kant described two types of common commands given by reason: the hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative, which dictates a course of action that must be followed because of its rightness and necessity. The categorical imperative is the basis of morality and was stated by Kant in these words: "Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and general natural law." Therefore, before proceeding to act, you must decide what rule you would be following if you were to act, whether you are willing for that rule to be followed by everyone all over. If you are willing to universalize the act, it must be moral; if you are not, then the act is morally impermissible. Kant believed that the welfare of each individual should properly be regarded as an end in itself, as stated in the Formula of the End in Itself: Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end. Kant believes that moral rules are exceptionless. Therefore, it is wrong to kill in all situations, even those of self-defense. This is belief comes from the Universal Law theory. Since we would never want murder to become a universal law, then it must be not moral in all situations. So which of the two theories would make a better societal order? That is a difficult question because both theories have "problems." For Kant it is described above, his rules are absolute. Killing could never be make universal, therefore it is wrong in each and every situation. There are never any extenuating circumstances, such

International aspects of business law Coursework

International aspects of business law - Coursework Example Increasingly international trade organizations such as the WTO and bilateral free-trade agreements such as those in place with the United States and E.U. can significantly shape and alter the economic environment in a way that financial planners must identify and manage for investment clients with advance preparation. The importance of international law to traders in this context of financial investment services and commodities trading particularly cannot be understated, as it is a direct aspect of risk management operations that form a part of due diligence in any overseas investment strategy. Financial planners and traders must identify the risk elements that international law governs as a variable in estimating the success and expected returns of a project in order to successfully manage investment services for clients in the contemporary era of globalization. The history behind the WTO, bank frameworks, and financial regulation are all chief matters of international aspects of bu siness law which affect trade. The application of international law to trading activity of commodities, equities, and bonds globally is a specialized field and different in many ways from the sectors of international law which govern trade, commerce, and other forms of business development activity. For example, international traders generally have little worry over the application of labour or environmental law to their activities globally, as these are related to the general commercial operations of a business and not the trading activity particularly. Traders find their business operations most significantly impacted in the import and export process when the goods involved are passing through an international border. Most nations do not tax transit cargo that passes through sea and air ports, however most nations do tax and regulate imports and exports domestically through the application of international law and accepted practice. In order for a trader or financial planner to un derstand the requirements and how they apply differently from country to country, the GATT Agreements, or General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, begun in international negotiations at the end of the Second World War and birth of the United Nations, are the most important references for international trade. The GATT Agreements stand as the most comprehensive and accepted standards of international trade laws among nations as negotiated directly through their envoys and representatives. Therefore, international traders and financial planners who require the complete country-by-country listing of trade and tariff requirements as established in international law should base their investigation in the publications of the GATT Agreements, or General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), the modern descendent of the International Trade Organization (ITO). DZ Cass has written about the GATT and ITO/WTO systemization of international trade law in his essa y, The 'Constitutionalization' of International Trade Law: Judicial Norm-generation as the Engine of Constitutional Development in International Trade (Cass, 2001). In the articles, Cass suggests that the GATT Agreements and further negotiations of the WTO represent a process of creating a type of constitution for international trade where nothing but the chaos and conflicting interests of sovereign

Opportunities and challenges posed by the diversity of the U.S Essay

Opportunities and challenges posed by the diversity of the U.S. population - Essay Example The best example of this deficiency is the problem of illegal immigration taking place across the southern border. In this case, thousands of Hispanics attempt to cross-over to the country in order to avail of meagre economic opportunities available here. Though their journey North is no less arduous than previous waves of immigrations arriving at the New York harbour, a large proportion of Hispanics in America still carry their illegal label. This is one of the biggest challenges facing the nation at this point, as an already recession-hit economy has pushed citizens to a state of desperation. In this atmosphere, citizens are likely to misplace their collective anger on illegal immigrants when the real culprits are sitting in Washington, D.C. Such an eventuality would dent America's reputation for diversity and tolerance; but more importantly only aggravate the problem. But if the nation's legislators believed that there is opportunity in every adversity, then there is scope for an amicable resolution for the illegal immigration problem. Policy makers can learn a lot from the successful integration of Black Americans since their early diminished station as plantation slaves. That a member of this historically repressed community would rise to become the President was unimaginable at one point.

The Catholic Bishops Essay Example for Free

The Catholic Bishops Essay Evangelisation in England and Wales is a report written by Philip Knights and Andrea Murray for the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales published in 2002. Knights is a member of the Catholic Missionary Society. Murray teaches at Ushaw College, Durham. The bishops commissioned the report to assist the Church’s evangelisation efforts in the new century, aware that congregations were declining in size and that members were growing older. The report consists of eight chapters and 172 pages of text. There is also a foreword by Crispian Hollis, bishop of Portsmouth and Chairman of the Mission and Unity department of the Bishops Conference. The â€Å"Introduction† (7-10) describes how the research was conducted. A section follows this on â€Å"Theological Background† (11-55). Section three continues theological reflection with an exploration of the concept of â€Å"Missio Dei† (56-67). Section four discusses the contexts in which evangelisation takes place (68-79) then section five describes the â€Å"Framework of Analysis† (80-84), leading into the presentation of data in section six (85-132). Section seven, on â€Å"locations of evangelisation† (133-156) begins to suggest â€Å"some possibilities for evangelisation† while the final section offers â€Å"some recommendations† (157-169). The research behind the report included reviewing theological material on evangelisation including Church â€Å"documents and statements†, participant observation, interview and use of a questionnaire (7). The questionnaire was sent to several constituencies. These were Catholic parishes, priests, seminarians, bishops and diocesan officials. The largest constituency was the first, since more than four million people belong to Catholic parishes. The authors’ describe â€Å"Participation and Sample Size† in an Appendix, commenting that in order to ensure at least 1,000 responses from parishes, 5,000 questionnaires were distributed in 1250 â€Å"randomly chosen Catholic parishes† (171). 23% of these were returned. 1250 priests were sent questionnaires, of who 36% responded. 55% of bishops and officials responded of the 120 who received questionnaires. A 44% response rate came from seminarians. Pilot surveys tested drafts of the data-collecting instrument before the final version was distributed. All sections draw on the results of the social science type research and quotes from respondents are used throughout, placed in text-boxes. Section begins by defining the meaning of the term â€Å"evangelisation†, commenting that Catholics prefer this to the word â€Å"evangelism† which is widely used by Protestants. The Catholic Church has preferred the term â€Å"evanglisation† since the 1970s (29). The term â€Å"mission† has receded in usage, in the main due to colonial connotations (30). â€Å"Evangelism† tends to be associated mainly with personal or individual transformation: evangelisation has â€Å"a greater sense of the cosmic† (30). On the one hand, the terms †evangelism† and â€Å"evangelisation† can be used interchangeably (20). On the other, evangelism is more commonly associated with presenting the Gospel to â€Å"those who are not Christians† (12) often verbally, while â€Å"evangelisation† has a broader scope. Indicating that as many as 79 definitions of evangelisation are available, the authors offer their own definition, emphasizing that â€Å"evangelisation† includes living the Good News as well as proclaiming it. Evangelisation does not end when people become Christian but continues in formation and renewal of existing Christians and of converts and in transforming the whole of humanity and the world so that God’s kingdom of â€Å"love, peace and justice† become a reality (14). This broad definition of evangelisation challenges the tendency, noted by the authors, to limit its scope to trying to persuade non-believers to believe. The authors stress that evangelisation is God’s work, not an human work. God’s presence may be found in â€Å"unexpected places† (16) and the Church must not be regarded as having an exclusive claim on God’s presence or on God’s actions. As well as bringing new members into the Church, evangelisation also seeks to make less active members more active, to win back those who have left the church and to develop the life of parishes (18). Evangelisation, too, has a special concern for people on the margins, whether due to poverty, social circumstances or other reasons (16). Pages 23-29 trace the derivation of the word â€Å"evangelisation† from the Biblical word for Good News, or Gospel. Taking the Good News into all the world, the authors say, which Jesus entrusted to the apostles and they entrusted to the Church, involves more than winning converts. It has to do with manifesting God’s love in the world (28), establishing loving communities by deeds as well as by word. Throughout, the authors are eager to stress that evangelisation is the task of all Christians, not of a chosen few or of priests and religious only. Those who have been evangelized must become evangelizers (48). People’s gifts vary but all have a part to play. Building on their biblical research, the authors use three terms to indicate what might be understood as stages of the evangelisation process, kerygma (proclamation), koinonia (fellowship) and diakonia (service) which â€Å"cooperate in the task of arousing and fostering a living faith† (33). The author’s also link â€Å"evangelisation† and Trinity, arguing that it is not so much the Church that â€Å"does† evangelisation but that â€Å"evaneglisation happens to the Church† (36) which is â€Å"rooted in the Divine Communion of the Trinity† (46). There is a need to avoid the temptation to limit the scope and meaning of â€Å"evangelisation† to â€Å"any single activity† (36). The social circumstances of the twenty-first century, that is, a society of mainly unchurched people with Britain as one of the least religious countries in the world (70) demands new methods of evangelisation, new â€Å"means of communication†. The section on â€Å"Mission Dei† builds on the theological reflection by locating everything that the Church does within the â€Å"activity of the Triune God† (56). Mission is God’s work. Mission aims to â€Å"gather all things† to God through Christ and the Holy Spirit is the main agent of mission. The Spirit is not confined to the Church but is present in the world and active â€Å"in all people† including those of other faiths (61; 71). The term â€Å"mission dei† is popular with Evangelical as well as with Catholic thinkers. Again, personal responsibility for mission is stressed: because we have been transformed, â€Å"we must transform the world† (58). The aim of mission is not to preserve the Church but to establish the conditions required for God’s kingdom to dawn (62). God’s kingdom is intended for all humanity (63). The Church, however, is also central to the work of mission, the â€Å"primary participant in the mission dei† (64) because it anticipates the Kingdom (66). The Church is, the authors say, â€Å"a sacrament of the communion with God and unity among all peoples that we recognize as the kingdom of God† (66). Discussing the context of evangelisation, the authors argue that the Church needs to consider the â€Å"context† in which the people she seeks to address are located. The Church must have an intimate knowledge of society and be aware of social changes, both those that can be affirmed and those that should be â€Å"challenged and resisted† (69). Evangelisation reaches out to people in specific social, political and economic contexts. Membership of and participation in religious communities has seriously declined and younger people especially tend to have no â€Å"religious adherence† (70). Others are committed members of other faiths and of other Christian churches. Such people are to be respected. Cooperation rather than competition with â€Å"ecumenical partners† is to be preferred (71). Historically British Catholics have seen themselves as outside the mainstream of religious life and have adopted a â€Å"fortress mentality† (72). This has declined and Catholics are now better placed to engage in constructive Dialogue with thir â€Å"neighbours in Civil Society†. Decline in priestly vocations, too, impacts evangelisation, resulting in a need to reorganize parishes and to spread fewer resources more widely (73). Discussing contemporary culture, the authors argue that the trend towards fragmentation and individualism presents challenges. The post-modern idea that â€Å"great stories† and â€Å"meta-narratives† are not to be trusted challenges the Gospel, which is regarded as the definitive all comprehensive narrative. Institutions, organized religion, authority figures such as priests and bishops are distrusted as people pick and mix more freely. The Catholic Church is perceived to be out of step with some social trends, such as lifestyle choices but also on the role of women. Increasingly empowered in the wider society, the place of women in the Church appears to â€Å"lag behind† (76). Again, the authors highlight that the poor and marginalized have a special claim on the Gospel. Here, they refer to the ecumenical programme Justice, Peace and the Integrity of Creation as having particular resonance with the concerns of the age. Lobbying on issues of economic justice, environmental health are all aspects of evangelisation perceived as kingdom-building. British Catholics can help globally as well as more locally to deal with such issues as relieving the debt-burden of developing nations and with issues related to asylum seekers and refugees. Section five, on the â€Å"framework of analysis† is a brief explanation of how the social science research data was analyzed, as presented in the next section. In analyzing the data, the authors â€Å"found two frameworks helpful†. These are derived from the literary research summarized in preceding chapters. The frameworks are described as the â€Å"triangle† of â€Å"kerygma, koinonia and diakonia† and as â€Å"parish vitality†. The authors suggest that Catholics are weak at initial proclamation, that is, at attracting converts and traditionally stronger at fostering faith and serving society. Vital Parishes would function as places of â€Å"witness† of â€Å"welcome†, of â€Å"catechesis† and of â€Å"growth† whereas at present the former tends to be carried out elsewhere, such as through small-groups or special initiatives.

Frederick Douglass Fight For Freedom History Essay

Frederick Douglass Fight For Freedom History Essay In his speech, The Hypocrisy of American Slavery, Frederick Douglass enforces his main concept of inequality in the nation and the cruelty of slavery. Douglass endured a rough childhood of slavery in Maryland without the presence or help from his parents. From the very beginning of his life, Douglass knew nothing about the whereabouts of his father nonetheless who he was and barely ever saw his mother. During a tough period of a nation infested with segregation and inequality, Douglass applied to his master to have the right to find work for himself. During employment, he concocted a plan to escape slavery. After a successful getaway, Douglass assisted the Underground Railroad. At this time, the country was in great need of change. Certain historical events that occurred during the time period, such as the Compromise of 1850, and Douglasss rugged life experiences as a slave are applied to help frame the speech and convey how African Americans feel on Independence Day. Through a tone progressing from earnest to inflammatory and the use of rhetorical questions, biblical allusions, and puns, the delivery of The Hypocrisy of American Slavery effectively brings forth an awareness of the deterioration of the nation, the inequality between races and reveals how African Americans are affected by the harsh treatment they receive to help persuade the audience that slavery must be abolished. The Compromise of 1850 and Douglasss life as a slave during this time are important factors that help shape Douglasss speech. To help please the nation, The Compromise of 1850 was passed in an attempt to abolish and control slavery. The document states that it is inexpedient to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia whilst that institution continues to exist in the State of Marylandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Compromise). This affected Douglass negatively as well as other states in America because as long as Maryland accepted slavery, other places were not allowed to abolish it. To Douglass, this was unfair and contributed to his reasoning on why he spoke to the public emphasizing the need of a free nation. Douglass lived a good part of his life in Maryland and had to endure the challenging life of a slave because he did not live in a free state. As a child, Frederick Douglass did not get to live a luxury life like whites. In an excerpt from his novel he writes I never saw my mother, to kn ow her as such, more than four or five times in my life; and each of these times was very short in duration, and at night (Frederick, Being). Douglass never got to have a relationship with his parents thus forcing him to grow up faster. In effect, it made him a stronger person in the end. He got split up from his mother because of silly things like the color of his skin. Later in his speech, Douglass references these silly things by referring to America as a blacker nation which is a pun between race and the status of the nation. The African Americans of the audience are captivated by the speech as they relate to the common struggles endured. Also, Douglass was educated about religion when he was young which explicated his frequent use of biblical allusions. He states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if their increase do no other good, it will do away the force of the argument, that God cursed Ham, and therefore American slavery is right (Frederick, Being). Things pertaining to God were always p resent in his life which explains his use of biblical allusions. These biblical references appealed to his audience that comprised of Christians. Also, the irrelevant claims towards why slavery is acceptable are recognized. All of this information about history and Douglasss life are important components when understanding Douglasss purpose for giving his speech. Douglasss experiences of suffering and mistreatment along with being asked by the leading citizens of Rochester on Independence Day led him to his exigency. He passionately expresses his feelings about the life he endured during slavery in an excerpt of the narrative of his life: I say, let him place himself in my situation- without home or friends- without money or credit- wanting shelter, and no one to give it- wanting bread, and no money to buy it, and at the same time let him feel that he is pursued by merciless men-hunter, and in total darkness as to what to do, where to go, or where to stay,- perfectly helpless both as to the means of defense and means of escape,- in the midst of plenty, yet suffering the terrible gnawings of hunger,- in the midst of houses, yet having no home,- among fellow-men, yet feeling as if in the midst of wild beasts, whose greediness to swallow up the trembling and half-famished fugitive is only equaled by that with which the monsters of the deep swallow up the helpless fish upon which they subside,- I say, let him be placed in this most trying situation,- the situation in which I was placed,- then, and not till then, will he fully appreciate the hardships of, and know how to sympathize with, the toil-worn and whip-scarred fug itive slave. (Frederick, Narrative) At this point in his life it is evident that he is already fed up with the struggles of hunger and homelessness along with the rights he was not able to enjoy. Frederick Douglass was finally ready to speak his mind to the dark world. Another reason for his exigency is the concept of freedom. Frederick Douglass was all for Lincolns platformà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦free soil, free men, and free labor (Abolition). Knowing that could possibly become the outcome of his efforts, he was quickly enthused to deliver his speech. The overall concept that drove him to give the speech was the possibility of a better future for him as well as the entire nation and to persuade his audience at Corinthian Hall in Rochester that slavery must be abolished. Douglass begins with an earnest tone and polite diction to appeal to his audiences feelings and uses rhetorical questions to get everyone thinking about the issues between the nations need of freedom and equality. At the start of his speech he declares Fellow citizens, above your national, tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful wail of millions, whose chains, heavy and grievous yesterday, are today rendered more intolerably by the jubilant shouts the reach them? (Douglass). Douglass uses nice words that contrast with harsh words like fellow citizens, to ease the seriousness of the critical references to slavery. Rhetorical questions were incorporated into his speech to make his audience feel accountable for the greatly needed equality and freedom in the nation. Most importantly, he asks Are the great principles of political freedom and of natural justice, embodied in the Declaration of Independence, extended to us? (Douglass). This one question forces everyone to think about what rights exist in the nation and who they are extended to. Also, Frederick Douglass became fed up with the inequality of the nation because of race. He expresses that This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn (Douglass). He feels very strongly about the indifference of the nation and its status between the freedom and rights extended to all people. Douglass brings up a valid point that the Declaration guarantees the rights of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness and that slaves are not all blacks are privileged to enjoy these. Douglasss first half of his speech captivated his audience and enabled him to shift to more serious matters. The speech soon shifts to a vexed tone as Douglass explicates the obstacles of slavery and uses biblical references to point out the injustice of the mistreatment of slaves. Douglass becomes irritated when he complains Must I argue that a system thus marked with blood and stained with pollution is wrong? No I will not. I have better employment for my time and strength than such arguments would imply (Douglass). Douglass progressively becomes more passionate with his words as he becomes annoyed. He states here that it is ridiculous for people to not understand how seriously wrong slavery is and hopes it is a wakeup call to everybody. Next, he uses biblical references to relate to the audience. When mentioning the act of selfish men that would not rejoice when slaves are free, he implies that I am not that man. In case that, the dumb might eloquently speak, and the lame man leap as an hart (Douglass). The meaning behind this biblical reference is that a man is healed by God and then l eaps like a deer. Douglass acknowledges that he would be the one to rejoice when slaves were finally free. Certain references that come from the Bible relate to everyone because it points out the mistreatment of slaves and reminds everyone that God would not approve of this injustice. Both his tone and his references have transformed to be more harsh and unpleasant. Lastly, the tone is shifted to sound inflammatory and Douglass uses puns in order to point out the status of the nation due to race. Douglasss tone becomes bombastic towards his audience when he begins to bring up similarities between blacks and whites to prove that they are equal. He implies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that we are engaged in all the enterprises common to other men-digging gold in California, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦feeding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cattle on the hillside, living, moving, acting, thinking, planning, living in the families as husbands, wives, and children, and above all, confessing and worshiping the Christian Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦-we are called upon to prove that we are men? (Douglass). Douglasss inductive argument continues to incorporate references to God and rhetorical questions. These things repetitively remind the audience to think of what they can do to change the nation because God would not approve of such behavior. Finally, Douglass cleverly incorporates a pun into his speech. He reasons I do not hesitate to declare, with all my soul, that the character and conduct of this nation never looked blacker to me than on this Fourth of July (Douglass). He cunningly uses blacker to reference race as well as the shadowing darkness the nation lies under. Usually puns are used for comic relief; this one is not. Frederick Douglass effectively conveys his message to his audience by all three of those rhetorical strategies along with his change in tone. Douglasss remarkable speech led to many accomplishments like abolitionist movements with William Lloyd Garrison as well as contributions to the Emancipation Proclamation. In the end, the Thirteenth Amendment was passed which completely abolished slavery in all of America. With the efforts of Garrison and the delivery of Douglasss speech, life in America was greatly impacted. It is recorded that In 1841, Garrison hired Frederick Douglass, a former slave, as an agent for the society. Douglass was an immediate success on the lecture circuit, first in the North and later on a six-month tour of meeting halls throughout the American West (Abolition). Both men teamed together and became a successful duo. Douglass and Garrison started successful abolition movements in the North and rattled the South. Soon after, propaganda in the South arose. It is concluded that When Lincoln was elected, the South saw him as a threat to Southern institutions and resorted to secession. And the Civil War bega n (Abolition). It can be assumed that the efforts of Douglass and Lincoln began the Civil War. The war led to an outcome of abolishing slavery for which Douglass speech will always be remembered. Finally, In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared all slaves in the Southern secessionist states free. Two years later, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which states that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist in the United States, was ratified, and the abolitionists finally had their victory (Abolition). The country finally saw change and began to lighten up. Slavery was finally abolished as an effect of the hard work of Garrison, Lincoln, and Douglass. Most importantly, Douglasss efforts will always be remembered because it caused an unforgettable change in America. Frederick Douglass was an outstanding man with great character and strong beliefs. He did not care what others would think of him and stood strongly for what he believed and knew was right. The struggles of being a slave child shaped him to be the man he turned out to be. Also, historical events including the Compromise of 1850, shaped the phenomenal speech he gave on July 4th, 1852. By using rhetorical questions, biblical allusions, and puns, Douglass effectively conveyed his message that the freedom of slaves all around America was essential and that the nation was unhealthy, unjust, and slowly deteriorating as time progressed. Another key element he incorporated were shifts in tone. Douglass starts off nice and not over bearing but evolves to a bombastic tone. The legacy of his speech will forever be remembered because of the astounding things it caused including but not limited to abolitionist movements, the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, and most importantly the Thirt eenth Amendment to the Constitution. If it were not for the hard work of Frederick Douglass, slavery may not have been abolished to this day.

Nigger

Nigger is a derogatory term used to refer to individuals whose skin color is dark. Most of these people are of African descent. For centuries, the term nigger holds a negative implication, and in contemporary period is taken as a racial insult in most circumstances. Modern slang uses takes in a synonym for a person and an attempt to retrieve the word for black people, which continues to be a contentious subject. Former variations like â€Å"neger† or â€Å"negar† originated from the Spanish term Negro which literally means black, and in all probability also the French word nà ¨gre, which has also been used negatively, however it was also used in a positive manner such as in Negritude. Negritude originated from the term Negro. In French, they commonly use the term â€Å"noir† for black. â€Å"Negro† and â€Å"noir† alike (and consequently the terms â€Å"nà ¨gre† and nigger) eventually came from â€Å"nigrum†, the accusative form of the Latin term â€Å"niger† which means black. In Colonial America, the term â€Å"negars† was utilized in the year of 1619 by John Rolfe, illustrating the slaves which are being transported to the colony of Virginia, â€Å"neger† or â€Å"neggar† also exists in Northern New York as well as on Philadelphia. For an instance there is an African cemetery in New York which was initially known as â€Å"Begraafplaats van de Neger† which could be translated as â€Å"Cemetery of the negro† (Pearson, 2003). In US, the term â€Å"nigger† was not always believed to be offensive; rather the term is used by some people simply as a connotative of a black or dark complexion. In 19th century literature, the term nigger had been used in many instances without intending to use it in a negative manner. Charles Dickens and Joseph Conrad for one, authors of Nigger of the Narcissus† made use of the term nigger without having any bigoted intention. Mark Twain, another example, often uses the term in most of his works with Southern characters, white and black alike. However, he did not use the term when discoursing in his own voice in his autobiographical work, â€Å"Life on the Mississippi†. In UK, the term nigger was usually used to refer to individuals of individuals with Pakistani or Indian ancestors. They also uses it to denote the dark skinned foreigners generally. In 1926 â€Å"Modern English Usage† H. W. Fowler scrutinized that when the term was used to other people who is not a full blooded negro, they take the term as ome kind of an affront to their person. In 1800s, as the term nigger started to gain the derogatory implication it now have today, the term â€Å"colored† attained recognition as a better alternative to the term nigger and other related terms. Southern vernacular in most areas in US modifies the articulation of the term â€Å"negro† to â€Å"nigra† which is used in particular by Lyndon B. Johnson, a well-known advocate of civil rights. In North American English, the evolution from â€Å"negro† to â€Å"nigger† symbolized a previously prevalent sound change, in fact in the first editions of Noah’s Webster’s dictionary; he proposed the new spellings of â€Å"neger† for Negro. â€Å"Black† happened to be the favored term in English in the late 1960’s, and this prevails up to now. In US this has been replaced to some degree by African American, in any case in politically acceptable practice; this bears a resemblance to the term Afro-American that was in trend in the early years of 1970. Nonetheless, â€Å"black† remains to be in prevalent use as a racial description in US and is seldom considered as insulting. Nowadays, the term is often spelled as â€Å"nigga† or â€Å"niggah†, in simulation of the way in which some articulate it, there are also other variations of the term, intended to duck the term itself, this includes â€Å"nookah†, â€Å"nukka†, â€Å"nagger† and probably the most popular of them all â€Å"jigger†. However, â€Å"Nigger†, according to Professor Randall Kennedy is debatably the most significant racial affront in United States history, although, all together, it is a term that is reminiscent of the paradoxes and problems, catastrophes and splendors of the American experience. In fact, his work â€Å"Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word† is at the middle of debates because of its controversial issues. It tackles questions among an assorted audiences of students and scholars of all cultural and national milieus in its search to discover how and why the term should or should not be used in today’s time (Kennedy, 2002). A large number of black Americans claim that the term â€Å"nigger† invokes within them certain hatred, resentment, aggression, repression, as well as a very appalling and ill-fated part of the US history. The word represents the perpetual sequences of individuals afflicted with abhorrence and bondage merely because of the color of their skin. Amongst black people, â€Å"nigger† is the most derogatory term in the English lingo. Even when contrasted to other racial insults such as â€Å"kike, â€Å"cracker†, â€Å"white trash† and the like, nigger is illustrated as the most horrible affront in the English lingo. The term â€Å"nigger† implies that black people are second class citizens, ignorant, and not as human as the whites are. Although many blacks and whites concur that the term should not be repressed from the English language, it definitely should not be used again by every people due to its historical importance. For an instance, black militants suppose whites ought not to use the term â€Å"nigger†. Conversely, the term â€Å"nigger† has been â€Å"domesticated† by black youths predominantly in the hip-hop culture. These contemporary adolescents maintain that it is merely a word and that people give words meaning and not the other way around. If such is indeed the case, the term â€Å"nigger† could be changed once in a while. In other words, youth in the hip-hop culture are maintaining that situation is the determinant of the meaning of the term â€Å"nigger†. Kennedy states the same line of reasoning regarding the use of the term â€Å"nigger†. He maintains that everyone, regardless of the color of ones skin, may use the word â€Å"nigger†, provided that the framework or the way it was used is apparent and proper (Kennedy, 2002). On the other hand, the historical importance of the term â€Å"nigger† is greatly rooted in American History. For an instance, Kennedy’s book illustrates historical examples of â€Å"nigger† in its derogatory milieu. Examples of these were when Michael Jordan was suspended from his school because a white girl called him a nigger and â€Å"Tiger Woods was tied up in kindergarten by his older schoolmates who called him nigger† (Kennedy 2002) and it is specifically due to this history that a large number of African Americans are supports the vetoing of the term from the English language. Even though the historical importance of the term â€Å"nigger† frequently sets off deep-seated antagonism in the African Americans, it has also gradually developed into an expression of endearment in today’s African American society. Accordingly, a fine line exists between the past and the present descriptions of the term that heralds the prospect of misunderstanding and the likelihood of further injury. Should the term â€Å"nigger† then be used as a way to express of endearment? Kennedy asserts that the term â€Å"nigger† should be used by everyone on the condition that no one be injured. According to Kennedy nothing is wrong with the use of the term nigger no matter what color your skin is. According to him, what should be of importance is the milieu in which the term is being used. Kennedy maintains that the context could influence how nigger is used, and to regard the word otherwise would change the term â€Å"nigger† into some kind of an obsession. On the other hand, Kennedy’s contention that everyone could use the term â€Å"nigger† is easily challenged because although the term is some kind of an obsession, it is still an obsession with no reason whatsoever. The term â€Å"nigger† produces a fixation for people because of its historical connotation. In other words, if the history of the term stigmatizes it, then how could the ordinary use of the term, even by those individuals who ring about its historical significance, produce a new meaning? Kennedy’s insinuation of individual’s using the word only with good intents illustrates his setting aside of the background of its past. Kennedy also asserts that background determines the meaning of the term â€Å"nigger†, nigger, according to him could signify numerous things, all depending upon, amid other things, intonation, the site of interaction, as well as the connection between the speaker and the one to which the term is being addressed. Kennedy, among other thinkers, maintain that African Americans use the term themselves, the fact that the term â€Å"nigger† has been and remains to be used by the African Americans themselves makes up a logical fallacy on the part of the African Americans because for them to believe that they could use the term undamagingly without question whatsoever while others could not use it is nothing short of illogical (Kennedy, 2002). In fact, Vernon Davis on his work, â€Å"The Sense and sensibilities of Using the N Word† stated that only when African Americans unite and insist that their society stops the use of the term in any milieu could they have the moral power to contend that the term not be used in any place or by anyone at all (Davis, 1999). This standpoint on the contention implies that the blacks, and not the whites, stopped thinking about their own history. There could be contentions claiming that rappers such as Jay-Z and comedian Alex Thomas, that the blacks took possession of the term and thus they are did not really stopped from thinking about their own culture, rather they are merely rewriting some part of it. In juxtaposition with the hip-hop culture, Kennedy asserts that the blacks are regaining the term and redefining it in so as to disrobe the term nigger of its initial meaning (Kennedy, 2002). For example, a performance on Black Entertainment Television, a cable system meant for black Americans, illustrated the term â€Å"nigger† as a â€Å"term of endearment, Davis also stated that in the African American society, the term â€Å"nigga† (not the term nigger) elicits a feeling of pride. The term, here, calls to mind a sense of community and oneness among Black Americans (Davis, 1999). A large number of teenagers I have talked with believe that the term does not mean anything or could not hurt a person when it is being used by a friend. However, when it is used by white people the word suddenly changes its definition or meaning. Alex Thomas could be noted saying that he does not want the whites calling him a nigger. This philosophy is in a way self-defeating. If only black people are making use of the term â€Å"nigger† and they are doing so in so as to achieve a conversion of power, the endeavor is useless because the hurt which accompanies the term has not yet been stopped. The whites, for an instance, still could not utter the term â€Å"nigger† without inducing some kind of an antagonistic response. If blacks have effectively transformed or domesticated or repossessed the term, than everyone then anyone would be open to use the term without concerning one’s self with matters of race, class, or perspective. And while this may actually be the final objective of redefining the term â€Å"nigger†, it is evidently not the case at today’s time. It is mainly due to this that Kennedy proposes that everyone should be allowed to use the term, in so as to avoid people from being held back from the use of particular terms, which would be a kind of suppression (Kennedy, 2002). However, historical importance looks like it weigh heavily on the mind of a large number of black people. For example, Shani Saxon (music editor of VIBE magazine) could be noted saying that white people makes use of the term in an insulting manner and she also stated that this is primarily the reason why they should not be permitted to use the said term, since it is insulting and it brings about unpleasant memories (Saxon, 2002). However, it is for certain that words do evolve, however history could never change the way words could. In today’s time, I found through my research and close examination that â€Å"nigger† is not an acknowledged word. Jay-Z among other artists makes use of the term in their music in order amuse their audiences, however, their use of the term does not necessarily mean that the term no longer holds any kind of power to hurt. Take into consideration Jay-Z’s song â€Å"Jigga my Nigga† or Eve’s â€Å"What y’all Nigga’s want?†, the said songs may appear harmless since they make use of the term in a milieu of amity and friendship, however, it could be maintained that while milieu could alter the meaning of the term, contexts or milieu itself could never modify history. Kennedy states that the term on speech or literature, while Kennedy may have a point on his assertion, one could not just pay no heed to history. The term â€Å"nigger† is very much stigmatized that redefining it entails that slavery and oppression never occurred, in spite of the fact and many other things which point that it did. Try to examine an account given by Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, â€Å"The word Nigger carries with it much of the hatred and repulsion directed toward Africans and African Americans. Historically, nigger defined, limited, and mocked African Americans. It was a term of exclusion, verbal justification for discrimination. Whether used as a noun, verb, or adjective, it reinforced the stereotype of the lazy, stupid, dirty, worthless parasite† (Pilgrim, 2002). Truth is the present use of the term â€Å"nigger† could never be wiped away, changed, eliminated, or effectively redefines its authentic and appalling description. In truth, if the persistent use of the term â€Å"nigger† could eliminate it of its original meaning then by now it would be alright for a white person to call black people a â€Å"nigger†. However, a white person could never do that because of the deep-rooted history associated with the term. It is then very important that people come to an understanding that using the term in numerous instances does not alter or take the sting out of its original meaning, because, as already mentioned earlier, although words may change, its history could never be altered. In addition, this new use of the term does give â€Å"nigger† another connotation; probably the notion that language is the same could disprove the argument that history overrides the modern usage of the term. Even though there are several long standpoints which surround the controversy of the usage of the term, there actually is no right or wrong answer for using the term â€Å"nigger†. Works Cited Davis, Vernon. â€Å"The Sense and Sensibilities of Using the â€Å"N Word.†Ã¢â‚¬  Journal of National Association of Black Journalist. Fall 1999 (1999). Kennedy, Randall. Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word.† New York: Pantheon Books, 2002. Pearson, Kim. â€Å"Nigger.† (2003). Pilgrim, David. â€Å"Jim crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia.† Fall 2002 (2002). Saxon, Shani. VIBE Magazine 2002.